•  Abnormal aggression
    • out of context
    • lacks triggers
    • rare
    • lacks warning
    • usually underlying medical problem
  • Agression
    • anti preditor tactic
    • conflict resolution/management strategy
    • looks like
      • growling
      • biting
      • lunging
      • vocalisation
      • chasing
      • stalking
      • more subtle
        • looking away
        • nose lick
        • whale eye
        • freeze
        • muscle tension
    • normal? yes
      • barking at boundaries = territorial
      • breeding – season
      • anti predictor tactics – avoid/escape conflict
    • reaction
      • flee – most common – evolutionary the most successful
      • freeze – e.g beagle
      • fool around – displacement behaviours – e.g. lab
      • fight = e.g. terrier (freeze wouldn’t be appropriate in a tunnel)
    • causes
      • medical
      • genetics – species, breed, parents
      • stress
      • development problems
      • fear aggression
      • territorial aggression
      • dominance aggression (known individuals of same species – relationship)
      • defensive aggression
      • resource guarding
      • frustration
      • redistricted aggression
      • play aggression
      • predatory aggression
    • learning
      • if a dog finds that a fearful experience cannot be predicted or controlled, generalised anxiety or phobia may develop
    • emotion
      • all behaviours driven by emotion
      • the degree depends of the trigger’s distance and intensity
      • 4 choices
        • mate with it
        • eat it
        • play with it
        • flight it
      • not all reactions are conscious choices
      • Jerkes/Dodson/Hobbs law of arousal
        • arousal increases performed up to optimal level, then arousal decreases performance
    • need to know ‘go to move’ – CER
    • practical rehabilitation?
      • what is realistic for the dog?
      • what happens when management fails?
      • what’s safe for everyone?
      • 2 weeks at least stress holiday
      • scent games
      • acceptance and trust
  • Early recognition of pain
    • Arthritis
      • Stats
        • 80% dogs over 8
        • 35% of all dogs = 3.15m dogs in UK
      • licking
      • chewing
      • chronic pain
        • behaviour change
          • willingness to interact
          • more clingy
          • uninterested and distant
          • can be confused with canine cognitive disfunction
          • noise sensitivity
        • capability and gait
          • not always a limp
          • irregular walking
          • loosing balance
          • laboured sit to stand
        • postural change
          • sit
          • sleeping posture
        • muscular changes
      • 40%-80% of advice is forgotten immediately
      • Body condition score of 4/4.5 is ideal
  • Puppies removed from mother too early more likely to
    • bark
    • be fearful on walks
    • be reactive to noise
    • be destructive
    • resource guard
    • be attention seeking
  • Pandemic puppy boom
    • bad breeders
      • sold before 8 weeks
      • sold sick/with worms, giardiasis, fleas, diarrhoea
      • calling the dogs a different breed to inflate prices
      • taking deposits and then increasing price when pup is ready to leave
      • taking deposits, telling new owner puppy has died and selling to someone else at an increased price
      • sold as KC reg with no paperwork
      • puppies with behavioural issues
      • no health testing of the parents
      • stressed parents
      • no socialisation/habituation
      • puppy not weaned – pup doesn’t know how to eat or drink
      • pup doesn’t know how to play with toys
      • ask for 2 forms of ID from breeder
      • WhatsApp ask the breeder to drop a pin of their location
      • good breeders have waiting lists
      • ask to see live videos of the pup
      • does the breeder answer the phone
      • screenshot all correspondence
      • does breeder ask about you
  • Sleep
    • You can die as easily from sleep deprivation as lack of food or water.
    • Promotes physical, emotional, cognitive health
    • Lack of sleep effects immune system
    • Needed for growth
    • Repairing tissue
    • Recharging emotionally
    • Brains more active at night, particularly in REM, than in daytime
    • Puppies need 18-20 hours sleep
    • Adult dogs 12-14 hours sleep
    • Large breed nap more often that small breeds (depending on what the breed’s job was)
    • Deeper sleep between 21:00-06:00
    • Sleep 80% of the night
    • Polyphasic – more sleep cycles
    • Crepuscular – active at dawn and dusk
    • Cycles
      • Same as humans, but at different times, shorter and more of them
      • Always more alert
      • N1 > N2 > N3 > REM
      • N2 – linked to memory and learning consolidation
      • N3 – healing, repair, difficult to wake up from
      • REM – emotions
      • Humans 25% of cycle in REM, dogs only about 10%
    • Dream
      • Yes
      • In N and REM stages
      • Pons – paralyses big muscles to stop us acting out dreams
    • Sleep deprivation
      • Poor decisions
      • Protein builds in brain, linked to alzheimer’s
      • Grumpy
      • Poor health
      • Lack of growth
    • Effects sleep
      • Stress
      • Sight loss – effects internal clock
      • 24hr body clock – different for different people – night owl/early bird – changes with age
      • Physical activity
    • Sleep disorders
      • Narcolepsy – most often in puppies
      • Sleep apnoea
      • Insomnia
      • Canine cognitive dysfunction
      • Epilepsy
    • Aggression if woken
      • REM behaviour disorder
      • Excessive startle response
      • Fear/anxiety
      • Memory trigger
      • Low blood sugar
    • Positions
      • Totally relaxed
      • Side rest – napping, relaxed
      • Under blankets – fearful?  breed? cold?
      • Companionably – touching something living – like company – heat regulation
      • Sentry duty – high traffic area
      • Curled up – anxious? cold?
      • Heat conserving – covers nose
      • Need to hold something – puppy habit? breed?  comfort?
      • Small spaces – heat? anxiety?
      • Tongue out – deep relaxation, cooling, aids breathing, hanging tongue syndrome
    • Beds
      • Need to be able to lie flat – start out curled up then like to lie flat
      • Memory foam?
      • Pillows
      • Material – static shock?
      • Placement –
        • Out of drafts
        • Quiet. traffic free, not isolated from family
        • Away from direct sunlight/radiators
        • Away from windows (distractions)
        • Dark
        • Choices
        • Safe
    • Puppies first night
      • Has breeder given pups short periods of stress from being away from mum and litter?
      • Probably during a fear period
      • Lost safety and security
      • Can’t regulate body temp
      • Forced time alone can cause SA
      • If wild, wouldn’t have left mum yet
      • Company – survival instinct
      • First few months important for bonding
      • By 3-4 months puppies should be able to sleep through the night
      • Bladder control
        • 6-14 weeks – 8-10 times a day
        • 14-20 weeks – 6-8 times daily
        • 20-30 weeks – 4-6 times daily
        • 30+ weeks – 3-4 times daily
      • Week out of sleeping with you after a few months
      • Alone training when you can return and monitor
      • Don’t rush
    • Adolescents – lack of sleep
      • Check mental and physical stimulation and times
      • Lack of company in the day?
      • Arousal
    • Elderly
      • More often and longer periods
      • May need different bedding
      • Might not be able to get upstairs
      • Bladder control
      • Health issues interrupt sleep
      • CCD
      • Check nothing is keeping them awake
    • What effects sleep
      • Health
        • Pain
        • Sleep disorders
        • CCD
        • Allergies
        • Food intolerances
        • Epilepsy
        • Hyperactivity
      • Environment
        • Cold
        • Light
        • Noise
        • Weather
        • Wildlife
        • Discomfort
      • Stress
        • Vocalising
        • Processing negative feelings from the day
        • SA
      • Us
        • Not enough human interaction during the day
        • Arousal/conflict with family member
        • Our insomnia
        • Neighbours’ noise
        • External noises – white noise machine?
      • Natural cycles
        • Puppies/elderly needing toilet
        • Crepuscular
        • Expecting food/exercise
        • Anticipation of set routine
        • Hungry – adolescent on low carb diet – slow release carbs late at night?
      • Things to help
        • Bed time routine
        • Check food and carbs
        • Change location
        • Get up to the dog
        • PJs if cold
        • Calming products
        • Music/white noise
        • Blings/curtains
        • Ttouch and body wraps
  • Mindset
    • Vagus nerve
      • mood regulator
      • breathing techniques – to restore calm and regain behavioural flexibility redirecting vagal activity, counteracts flight or fight
        • breath in 4 sec
        • exhale 8 sec
      • negative bias influences people’s motivation to complete a task
      • 2 jars, positive and negative happenings, positive jar should fill up first
      • can’t change the negative thing that has already happened, prepare to allow for a better outcome next time
      • write an accomplishment journal
      • reinforce the owner
  • Diet
    • impacts reactivity
    • diet is individual to the dog
  • Exercise
    • Walk every day may not be the best thing – trigger stacking
    • 72 hours for cortisol to return to basal levels
    • brain games eBook
    • Eustress – positive challenge = feelings of fulfilment
    • Distress – negative threat = not coping
    • Sympathetic nervous system = flight or fight
    • Parasympathetic nervous system = rest and digest (Dominant under non-stressful conditions.)
    • adrenaline dissipates within 15 mins
    • glucocorticoids can take 2-6 days to return to baseline
    • reactive dogs are living for most of the time in a state of distress
    • certain activities, such as constant ball or Frisbee chasing for more than 30 minutes, can cause over arousal for several days if the dog is not allowed a recovery period
    • Linda Cooper Thesis
  • Toolkit
    • Marker
    • Touch
    • Touch & go
    • Figure of 8
    • Find It
    • Engage/disengage
      • when dog looks at stimulus mark and reward
      • dog will start looking back in anticipation of the reward
    • Look at that
    • Confidence course
    • Object block
      • using objects to block the dog’s view
    • Look at me
      • food on floor
      • wait for eye contact
      • mark
      • reward to floor
    • This way
      • A to B